Ancestry and Family Tree of President Ronald Reagan

A well-loved Hollywood actor, Ronald Reagan appeared in over 50 feature films. In 1966, he was elected governor of California and, in 1980, elected as the 40th president of the U.S. He served in this role from 1981 to 1989. Ronald Wilson Reagan was the second son of Jack Reagan and Nelle Wilson. He was the great-grandson, on his fathers side, of Irish immigrants who came to America through Canada in the 1940s. His mother was of Scottish and English descent. His other family members are presented by generation in this family tree. First Generation 1. Ronald Wilson REAGAN was born on Feb. 6, 1911 in Tampico, Illinois, and died on June 5, 2004. He is buried on the grounds of the Ronald W. Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California. In 1940, Ronald Reagan married actress Sarah Jane Mayfield (stage name Jane Wyman). They had two girls: Maureen Elizabeth, born in 1941, and Christine, who died at birth in 1947. In 1945 they adopted a baby boy named Michael. Wyman and Reagan divorced in 1948 and, on March 4, 1952, he married another actress, Nancy Davis (born July 6, 1921). Named Anne Frances Robbins at birth, she took the surname Davis when her stepfather, Dr. Loyal Davis, adopted her in 1935. Nancy and Ronald had two children: Patricia Ann (Patti) in 1952, and Ronald Prescott in 1958. Second Generation (Parents) 2. John Edward (Jack) REAGAN was born on July 13, 1883 in Fulton, Illinois. He died on May 18, 1941 in Santa Monica, California. 3. Nelle Clyde WILSON was born on July 24 1883 in Fulton, Illinois. She died on July 25, 1962 in Santa Monica, California. Reagan and Wilson married on Nov. 8, 1904 in Fulton, and had two children: John Neil Reagan, born Sep. 16, 1909 in Tampico.Ronald Wilson Reagan Third Generation (Grandparents) 4. John Michael REAGAN was born on May 29 1854 in Peckham, Kent, England. He died of tuberculosis on March 10, 1889 in Fulton. 5. Jennie CUSICK was born about 1854 in Dixon, Illinois. She died of tuberculosis on Nov. 19, 1886 in Whiteside County, Illinois. Regana and Cusick married on Feb. 27 1878 in Fulton, and had four children: Catherine (Katy) Reagan, born in July 1879 in Fulton.William Reagan, born Jan. 10, 1881 in Fulton. He died on Sep 19, 1925 in Dixon, Illinois.John Edward ReaganAnna Reagan, born May 14, 1885 in Fulton. 6. Thomas WILSON was born on April 28, 1844 in Clyde, Illinois. He died on Dec. 12, 1909 in Whiteside County, Illinois. 7. Mary Ann ELSEY was born on Dec. 28, 1843 in Epson, Surrey, England. She died on Oct. 6, 1900 in Fulton. Wilson and Elsey married on Jan. 25 1866 in Morrison, Illinois, and had seven children: Emily Wilson, born Nov. 12, 1867 in Clyde, Illinois.John Wilson, born Oct. 9, 1869 in Clyde. He died on June 21, 1942 in Clinton, Iowa.Jennie Wilson, born June 16, 1872 in Illinois. She died on March 8, 1920.Alexander Thomas Wilson, born March 30, 1874 in Illinois. He died on April 26, 1962.George O. Wilson, born March 2, 1876 in Illinois. He died on April 3, 1951 in Clinton, Iowa.Mary Lavinia Wilson, born April 6, 1879 in Illinois. She died on Sep. 6, 1951 in Fulton.Nelle Clyde Wilson

The Definitions Of Biological Motion - 1829 Words

Definitions of Biological Motion (BM) mostly center around work by Johansson (1973) on visual motion perception through his application of point-light display. Within this context BM refers to the patterns of movement characteristic to living organisms, thereby encompassing both human and animal locomotion, insofar as it is distinct from random patterns of movement, characterized in vertebrates by non-rigid patterns constrained by skeletal structures. Studies suggesting that human sensitivity to BM is indeed not limited to human locomotion as studies have found people capable of identifying the locomotion of a variety of animals including quadrupeds such as dogs (Pavlova, Krà ¤geloh-Mann, Sokolov, Birbaumer. 2001). BM contains significant†¦show more content†¦elbows, knees, wrists, etc.). These points are then assembled to form patterns resembling the movement of human or non-human animals, often in loopable movements, The points are thereby capable of presenting global i nformation, through the combined movement of the points, or local information, focus on a single joint. Indeed motion is a fundamental component in the processing of PLD as Pavlova et al. (2001) found that accuracy of recognition of static PLD failed to reach above chance. Multiple methods are available to produce PLD ranging from Johannson (1973) use of light bulbs attached to the bodies of assistants and then filmed in a dark room, which created more naturalistic portrayals of BM, to more recent methods, employing motion capture software in animation (Vanrie Verfaille, 2004). Advantages to the use of motion capture and three-dimensional animation software include the ability to show the same PLD from multiple viewpoints changing the orientation. Whether or not BM appears to be intrinsic has provided a variety of conclusions, mainly due to difficulty replicating results. In Johansson (1973) original study it was suggested that BM was an intrinsic or automatic response over a learned one. The majority of studies attempting to determine whether the perception of BM was intrinsic, made use developmental studies that either made use of preferential or discriminating forced choice tasks orShow MoreRelatedThe Five Ways By St. Thomas Aquinas996 Words   |  4 Pagessecond, third, and fifth arguments from St. Thomas Aquinas’s Five Ways, but rather it suggests substantial evidential credibility, in regards to his theories on God’s existence.Concepts, theories, and laws drawn from the chemical, physical, and biological sciences are to be compared to both St. Thomas Aquinas’s arguments, as well as biblical quotations. 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Agricultural Land Conservation Free Essays

Agricultural Land Conservation The issues of land distribution and land conservation in agriculture attract more and more attention, especially when the expansion of cropland is hitting a limit since much more land is conserved for environmental purposes. Soil erosion is devastating the topsoil of land as chemical fertilizers are used to increase output within a limited amount of land. At the same time, livestock production expands at an ever-growing speed, worsening the land use situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Agricultural Land Conservation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Livestock production, nowadays, consumes a large portion of crop that could be distributed to serve for poor population. A taxation system in favor of production capacity and against environmental damages will encourage farmers to improve their production techniques. Proper regulations could not be emphasized more to make sure that a genuinely sustainable agriculture system will be built with animals to cycle nutrients. Cropland is the land that is suited to or used for crop production. Grazing land refers to a field covered with grass or herbage, and suitable for grazing by livestock. FAO is the abbreviation for The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, a specialized organization that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. NCGA is the abbreviation for National Corn Growers Association, which represents America’s corn growers. The expansion of cropland has limited potential due to environmental conservation. At present, more than one point five billion hectares is used for crop production, accounting for twelve percent of the globe’s land surface. According to FAO, there is little scope for further expansion of cropland. Despite the presence of considerable amounts of land potentially suitable for agriculture, much of it is covered by forests, protected for environmental reasons, or employed for unban settlements. Compared with livestock production, crop production requires soil that contains more fertile materials, which makes it harder to find suitable cropland. Livestock production is expected to slow down the rate of soil erosion and improve the quality of soil in the long term. In â€Å"Eroding Future,† published July-August 2011 in the Futurist, author Lester R. Brown reviews that people are liquidating the Earth’s natural assets to fuel their consumption and states that, â€Å"soil erosion exceeds soil formation on one-third of the world’s cropland, draining the land of its fertility† (24). With the presence of animals, the situation could be changed. Soil absorbs nutrients from animal manure, allowing grass and other crops to grow without the addition of synthetic fertilizer, which is the primary cause of soil erosion. Animals play a crucial role in keeping balance of the ecosystem. Livestock production expands at a super speed and occupies more land, leading to deforestation. The livestock sector is by far the single largest anthropogenic user of land. According to Julia Whitty, author of â€Å"Livestock Revolution Examined,† published March 16, 2010 in the Mother Jones, more than one point seven billion animals are used in livestock production worldwide, and they, â€Å"occupy more than one-fourth of the Earth’s land† (http://www. motherjones. com/blue-marble/2010/03/livestock-revolution-examined). Expansion of grazing land for livestock production is a key factor in deforestation. About seventy percent of grazing land in dry areas is considered degraded due to overgrazing. The presence of animals in a sustainable agriculture system results in further land use in order to feed them. Most livestock that are employed to enrich land with nutrients are fed with imported crops. If a farmer is not growing his own feed, the nutrients going into the soil are generated by eroding other cropland, thereby undermining the benefits of livestock production. James E. McWilliams, the author of â€Å"The Myth of Sustainable Meat,† published April 13, 2012 in the New York Times, argues that, â€Å"This kind of rotational grazing works better in theory than in practice† (A31). According to NCGA’s figures from 2010, more than forty percent of crops go into the mouths of animals that people then consume, in the process squandering huge amounts of resources. The limited increase in cropland and deforestation due to rapid expansion of livestock production require more efficient production plans, one of which is an agriculture income taxation system based on unit output of land. Instead of relying on income sources, such as livestock, grains, or other products, farmers’ income tax should be placed on production capacity of per unit of land. This not only encourages crop producers to increase their unit output of land against the declining potential of expanding cropland, but also discourages unorganized blindly exploitation of forested land. This system levies high tax rates on production income generated on new land. To protect cropland from eroding, proper policies should be enacted to regulate animals feed to prevent further damages on land resources. Instead of feeding animals on farms with imported crops, they should be fed with crops grown on the same farms. Farmers who employ this practice should receive subsidies so that they will not be put into a dilemma where they have to choose between economic benefits and environmental benefits. Environment protection puts a halt on expanding cropland. To increase gross output of food, fertile lands are overused and losing their general production capacity. Nowadays, livestock production is to blame being the largest land user and land destroyer since it accelerates the process of deforestation. Lots of crops that are supposed to feed people are used to feed livestock, which is a huge waste of land resources. Hence, some tax regulations are proposed to help distribute the world’s usable lands to enhance unit production and avoid blind exploitation. Crop-livestock production is favorable as long as policy makers devote to regulating the process. Works Cited Brown, Lester R. â€Å"Eroding Futures. † Futurist. July-August, 2011: 23-30. McWilliams, James E. â€Å"The Myth of Sustainable Meat. † New York Times. 13 April, 2012: 31. Whitty, Julia. â€Å"Livestock Revolution Examined. † Mother Jones. 16 March, 2010: http://www. motherjones. com/blue-marble/2010/03/livestock-revolution-examined. How to cite Agricultural Land Conservation, Essay examples

E Gorvernment a Veritable Tool for the Stepping Down Corruption in Nigeria free essay sample

An average Nigerian citizen is scarcely aware of the activities of the government he is part of. The main focus of this paper is on the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in public administration businesses of Nigerian government. This paper aims at bridging the information gap that exists between the government and the public, which is capable of reducing corruption. In the course of this study, causes of corruption were identified as well as the benefits and challenges of E-government application. Key words: E-government, Information and Communication Technologies, Corruption, Internet. A few years ago, the popular slogan within the ICT society has been â€Å"the world is becoming a global village†. Going by the remarkable landmark recorded in the ICT world today, one can rightly say that the world is already a global village. Most nations of the world today use the internet as their major source of information generation, collation, and dissemination. The benefits accruing from the application of this technology is enormous and Nigeria cannot afford to be an exception. ICT has continued to make waves since the advent of computers in the 1950s. The increasing application of computers and other information technology (IT) related products in almost all facets of human life, has also contributed to the high growth of the ICT sector. ICTs involve the capture, processing of data and the dissemination of the resultant information using computers and its allied equipment and accessories to the masses. It is worthy to note that despite this rapid growth in the ICT industry, some developing countries including Nigeria are yet to achieve an appreciable level of computerization in their dealings. Opara (2007) stated â€Å"Nigeria has started but is still groping for the formula that will enable her achieve the optimum in IT†. The information society we live in, relies so much on computers and indeed the internet to enable us gather and disseminate information more quickly and easily too. The knowledge and ideas embedded in information Technology environment are the engines that drive the economy (Enyi, 2007). UNDP (2004) defined corruption as the misuse of public power, office or authority for private benefit through bribery, extortion, influence, peddling, nepotism, fraud, speed money or embezzlement. There is no gainsaying the effects of corruption on Nigeria and Nigerians. E-government on its part refers to â€Å"government’s use of ICT to work more effectively, share information and deliver better services to the public (Sub- hash and Christine, 2003). This mode of governance is highly beneficial as it makes administration easier and restores public confidence on the government. Various regimes of Nigerian government have identified corruption as the bane of Nigeria’s economic growth and development, and have initiated policies and programs to curb it (Okeke, 1996). These efforts have usually failed because information and communication technologies have not been given their proper place in the fight against corruption. That makes this paper imperative as it highlights the linkage between ICT and Governance. Causes of Corruption in Nigeria There are many factors that have been identified as the major causes of corruption in Nigeria. For the purpose of this paper, however, emphasis would be laid on those factors that can be linked to poor attitude towards ICT application. In this context, the causes of corruption in Nigeria include; Poor Electronic Accounting System This is the poor use of computer to perform accounting tasks. Most government agencies do not adopt this technology in their accounting processes. Where this is done, it is not linked to the internet (global network of computer networks). This almost makes it impossible for the public to hold the government officials accountable, which in turn encourages corruption. Poor Electoral System Election is the process by which leaders emerge. In the political history of Nigeria, many elections have been conducted and each of them heralded by so many complaints of irregularities. According to Agena (2007), Nigeria’s electoral process over the years has never had the people’s confidence, little wonder there have been numerous complaints by politicians at each election. Osaghea (1994) posited that â€Å"for there to be sustainability in the democratic process, the state and its operators should be credible in the eyes of the people†. Inefficient and corrupt electoral process breeds corrupt leaders. Oath of Secrecy Information experts has identified oath of secrecy as a major setback in the fight against corruption in Nigeria. This works by restricting the public from accessing certain information tagged â€Å"classified†. Subhash and Christine (2003) have it that â€Å"Until a few years ago, most countries still had strict national secrecy laws. These have been repealed in favor of the freedom of information laws in U. S and much of Europe†¦secrecy laws are still in effect in many of the developing countries†. Most of the corrupt practices witnessed in Nigeria were perpetrated under the cover of oath of secrecy. Slow Dispensation of Justice The Nigerian legal system is characterized by very sluggish and corrupt legal processes. Both citizens and non citizens most times prefer suffering injustice to seeking redress in the courts. A situation where litigation lingers for years does not favor the anti-corruption crusade. Lack of National Database Lack of functional national database that could contain information about the government, its departments, agencies and businesses has been identified as a factor that encourages corruption in Nigeria. It is in Nigeria that a person will commit a crime and get ousted in government services, only for that person to go to another level or agency of the same government and get recognition, appointment or business. Such encourages corruption. Inadequate ICT Training for Citizens Most citizens of Nigeria do not have sound IT knowledge. For such people, if they come in contact with fraud on the internet they may not be able to recognize it or may not know what next to do. Effects of Corruption in Nigeria The following are some of the effects of corruption in Nigeria. * Liquidation of state owned enterprises * Discouragement of foreign investors * High level of poverty * Lack of confidence in government by the people * Creation of bad image for Nigeria which the citizens suffer abroad. High cases of brain drain Benefits of E-government * E-government could enhance quick and accurate dispensation of government operations. * The nature of E-government makes it important that there is strong leadership and political commitment among different government ministries and agencies * It can lead to transparency provided the legal framework supports free access to information * E-government can be used as an entry point to ensure interaction among government departments. Implementation of e-government We will highlight the process of implementing e-government vis-a-viz the identified causes of corruption in Nigeria as stated above. In order to make government officials accountable, the federal government of Nigeria has prepared the platform with the establishment of Independent Corrupt Practices and other related offences Commission (ICPC), the Economic and Financial Crime Commission(EFCC), the Code of Conduct Bureau, and the recent Fiscal Responsibilities Commission(FRC). These commissions were created to supervise and control government spending. Creating the commissions alone is not enough to stop the corrupt practices perpetrated by officials of government in Nigeria; rather functional websites for these commissions should be developed and hosted. On these websites, all government transactions should be posted for public consumption, with little or no restrictions. This will enable any person anywhere in the world to have access to information about the execution of budget, public contracts, payment orders, financial and employment data of all staff and retirees of government. Also to be posted to the website are the regulations and guidelines that govern the provision of services, inventory of government assets, and liabilities and all information necessary for the control of socio-economic expenditures. For valid elections to take place in Nigeria, electronic voting system becomes imperative. Electronic voting system according to Iwu (2005) â€Å"is one of the general forms of automated methods, which employs computer technology devices to improve several aspects of the electoral process†. The electoral process includes registration of voters through announcement of results. Nigeria would have had near perfect election in 2007 if Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) had allowed results to be returned electronically through the commission’s website which ought to have been made available and accessible to the public before the election. The automation of the legal process in Nigeria will help in no small measures to remove the obstacles that impede the legal process. Real-time report systems, where a stenograph machine is coupled to a computer system and the reports of Court proceedings generated with aid of a software (CASE CATAYST), could be a great asset to the judicial arm of the government. The beauty of this automated system is that it saves Court’s time where Judges write volumes. The software has the capacity of recording voices, such that it becomes impossible for one to deny facts during a trial in Courts. Since the reports can be relayed to any connected computer and to the internet, it will reduce corruption among the judicial officers. Designing a database for the government which can be viewed through the internet, will be of help. Database is a large amount of information held in a structured way so that it is easy to find what one wants as quickly as possible (Hall and Smith, 1991). This database can hold information about government officials, contractors, and business partners and linked to the internet so that at any point in time, information about any of these people can be accessed. Provision can be made for the update of information in the database. Whenever an official commits a crime, it will be recorded against him in the database table, likewise, when he makes a remarkable achievement in office. This will make the government officials to sit up and shun corruption. E-government cannot function properly without the citizens being e-compliant. Introducing ICT skills at all levels of education and organizing ICT training for all workers in Nigeria, can go a long way in making the citizens have sound knowledge of ICT which is the backbone of e-government. Challenges of e-government The application of e-government in the anti-corruption crusade does not go without challenges. Under listed are the possible challenges; * The cost of acquiring ICT and training of officials by government establishment is enormous. Overlapping functions and lack of cooperation among government departments in the area of exchanging information, use of common data, hardware or software. Selection of appropriate software and hardware can also pose a problem due to emergence of new technologies. * Due to large audience to the website, security of information may be at risk. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been used as a strategic tool for modernizing structures, processes and the overall functions of public administration. Many governments all over the world are posting crucial information on the internet thereby interacting electronically with their citizens. Nigeria government and people cannot afford to be left out in this electronic boom. Based on the findings and discussions, the following recommendations are made; * The federal government of Nigeria must be prepared to take the bull by the horn. She should show total commitment to the e-government project by providing adequate financial, human and legal support for the success of the project. * The federal government should embrace e-government without reservation and also direct her ministries, parastatals, and agencies to develop and maintain functional websites which should be made accessible through the internet. The oath of secrecy law should be abrogated and replaced by the freedom of information law.